Jean Dhombres,刘兵

• 1: 法国南特大学数学

摘要(Abstract)：

科学史不是一门静止不变的学科。描述科学的过去和研究科学思想的演化的方法是众多的。这也许还没有为人们所充分理解。那么,今天的情况究竟怎样呢?在60年代,曾发生过一场研究风气的剧变,但是在目前阶段似乎得到较好的组织,注意把科学的过去置于有着各种不同智力背景的调查研究者的交叉火力之下。其明显特点是各活跃学派的出现以及协作研究的优势。显然,也有争议和辩论,但必须指出,科学遗产仍是一处未完竣的工地。本文旨在为《影响》就科学史题连载两期有关各类文章作一引言,解释了用于描述一种内涵较为丰富的境况(但绝非详尽无遗)的观点。

关键词(KeyWords)：

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): Jean Dhombres,刘兵

参考文献(References)：

• 1． Pascal, Fragments d'un Traite du Vide.
• 2． Pere Burlier, S. J., Cours de Science, 1732．
• 3． G. Galilei, Discorsi e Demonstrazioni M atematiche lntorno d due Nuove Scienze, Leyden, 1638 (day 3) .
• 4． Descartes, La Geometrie, Leyden, 1637．
• 5． H. Bergson, L'evolution Creatrice, 62nd ed., Paris, p. 328．
• 6． H. Bergson, op. cir., p. 332．
• 7． Publishing complete works of the great scientists: an international undertaking.
• 8． Andre Weil, Selected Works, Springer Verlag.
• 9． Some hagiographies of varyingly recent Nobel prize winners go even further and show the effects ofa'star system' with regard to certain highly talented scientists. A useful exercise here would be to refer to a study of the conditions for the award of such prizes, described for the earliest years of their award in E. Crawford, The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution Cambridge University Press, 1985．
• 10． G. Bachelard, L'active Rationaliste de la Physique Contemporaine, Paris, 1951．
• 11． It is, of course, possible to offer an explanation of this phenomenon and attribute it to Cartesian questioning, the tabula rosa, or to the'scientific revolution' which nullified many of the ideas of the past. This explanatory task is also one for the science historian who must study the past in his special field, not just because he is interested but for epistemological reasons. We shall come back to this question.
• 12． Gert Buchdahl, On the presuppositions of historians of science, in History of Science,Crombie & Hoskin (eds.), vol. 1, 1962, pp. 67-77．
• 13． G. Canguilhem, l'objet de l'bistoire des sciences, in Etudes d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences, Vrin, 1989, 5th edition, p. 15．
• 14． M. Crosland, The history of chemistry seen in a broader context, this issue, p. 225．
• 15． J. Cavailles, Remarques sur la formation de la theorie abstraite des ensembles, introduction, in Philosophie Mathematique, Paris, Hermann, 1962, p. 28．
• 16． Paris, Hermann, 2 volumes, 1978． Dieudonne, incidentally, explains his purpose: to relocate 'the most elementary notions of mathematics in their historical context'and make his readers understand 'that the abstract formulation given to mathematical notions is neither fortuitous nor without motive'.
• 17． Past and present links between history and philosophy of science, Impact no. 160．
• 18． C. C. Giilispie, Science and Polity in France at the End of the Old Regime, Princeton University Press, 1980．
• 19． G. Canguilhem, op. cir., p. 18．
• 20． G. Canguilhem, op. cit., p. 19．
• 21． Collection Epimethee, PUF, Paris, 1968, 2 volumes.
• 22． Chicago University Press, 1985．
• 23． Princeton University Press, 1985．
• 24． Francuzskaja Skola Teorii Funkcii i Mnozestv. na Rubeze ⅩⅠⅩ-ⅩⅩ, Moscow, Nauka, 1976．
• 25． J. Dhombres, Introduction, pp. 1-69, in Ambroise Fourcy, Histoire de l'Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, Berlin, 1987．
• 26． N. Bourbaki, Elements d'Histoire des Mathematiques, Paris, Herrnann, 1974, p. 210．
• 27． Encyclopedie Mehodique, Mathemathiques, Panckouke, Paris, 1784, volume 1, page 704．
• 28． In other words, using the above vocabulary, this is not the only historical object it is possible to construct with regard to differential calculus, which does not in any way mean, following the Boubaki construction, that there is no real historical object. In the history of science the deconstruction of a theory may just as well be an historical object.
• 29． One, old and biographical, by Baron Valson and the other, contemporary, by B. Belhoste:Cauchy, un Mathematicien L'egitimiste, Belin, Paris, 1985．
• 30． But J. Liitzen has nearly finished a biography of this mathematician, to be published in 1991 by Springer-Verlag. Brezinski has recently published on Hermite (Cahiers d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences, Belin, Paris, no. 32, 1990) .
• 31． McCormack, Night Thoughts of a Physicist.
• 32． University of Chicago Press. Chicago. 1973．
• 33． Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, 1971．
• 34． B. Latour and S. Woolgar, Laboratory Life, Sage, 1979．
• 35． The role of scientific communities in the development of science, this issue, p. 219．
• 36． G. Lemoine, B. Matelon and B. Provansal: La lutte pour la vie dans la cite scientifique, Revue Francaise de Sociologie, vol. 10, 1969, pp. 139-165．
• 37． R. K. Merton, Preface, op. cir.
• 38． The role of history of science in the understanding of social Darwinism and eugenics, this issue, p.273．
• 39． Studies published in French in no. 20 of Cahiers d'Histoire et de Philosophic des Sciences, Belin, Paris, 1985．
• 40． I. Grattan-Guinness, Convolutions in French Mathematics, Birkhauser, 1990, 3 volumes.
• 41． Pavot, Paris, 994,pages, 1989．
• 42． Ethique.
• 43． J. d'Alembert, Article: Figure de la Terre (hydrostatique), Encyclopedie Methodique, Paris, Pancoucke, 1785, vol. 2, p. 17．
• 44． Idem.
• 45． P. Duhem, Le Systeme du Monde, Hermann, Paris, 10 volumes the last of which appeared in 1956, 40 years after the author's death.
• 46． His Moderne Algebra in two volumes (Berlin, Springer, 1530-1531) is a milestone in the classics.
• 47． Published in 1885, Les Origines de τAlchimie had the benefit of a vast amount of enquiry(ancient authors, use of archaeological digs), backed by experimental research. The means
• used may, of course, be challenged. Berthelot is a rationalist and a positivist and one may
• contest many of his conclusions-but not his seriousness and professionalism. Berthelot is
• one of the pioneers of research on the history of Indian chemistry at a time when western
• imperialism set little store by any but its own intellectual values.
• 48． Deux siecles de science, Science et vie, Special issue. March 1989
• 49． Research and curatorship in the national serence museums: a re(?)e (?) threats and opportunities, this issue, p. 263．
• 50． J. Needham, The Chinese Scientific Tradition, 1962．
• 51． The scientific revolution of the 17th century: new perspectives. Impact, no. 160．
• 52． David A. King, Science in the service of religion: the ease of Islam, this issue, p. 245．
• 53． W. R. Knorr, New readings in Greek mathematics: sources, problems, publications, this issue, p. 207． Perhaps it needs to be added that new interpretations are still beingfound for problems of the Greek sciences. Because a new translation into French of Euclid's Elements has just come out, one has the impression of seeing a new world arise when everything had seemed clear (Les Elements d'Euclide, vol. 1, translation by B. Vitrac, introduction M. Caveing, Paris, PUF, 1990．
• 54． M.J. Nye, Recent sources and problems in the history of French science, Historical Studies in Phys. Sci. 1983 (vol. 3, no. 2) , pp. 401-415; H. W. Paul, From knowledge to power, the rise of the science empire in France, 1860-1939, Cambridge University Press, 1985．
• 55． J. Dhombres (ed.), Un Musee dans sa Ville: Sciences, Societe et lndustrie dans la Region Nantaise ( ⅩⅧeme-ⅩⅩeme siecle), Ouest-Editions, Nantes, 1990．
• 56． U. d'Ambrosio, The history of mathematics and ethno-mathematics: how a native culture intervenes in the process of learning science, Impact, no. 160．
• 57． C. H. Edwards, T he Historical Development of the Calculus, Springer, 1979．
• 58． MIT Press, English translation, 2nd edition.
• 59． There have been many documents brought out in Germany under Klein's influence to provide historical information for mathematical subjects taught in secondary schools. See,for example, M. Gebhart, Die Geschichte der Mathematik in mathematischen Unterricht der hoheren Schulen Deutschlands dargestellt vor ailem Grundalter und neuerer Lehrbiicher und der Programmabhandlungen hoheren Schulen. Abh. math. Unter. Deutsch land, 3． No. 6, 1912． See also Tropfke's book, now re-published with considerable additions.The difficulty in these works is their increasingly erudita nature and their liking for reconstruction. Are they really of use to teaching staff?.
• 60． The various specialised history of education periodicals now cover scientific education as well and in particular report on the work of historians of science.
• 61． Mathematics education: a historical view, Impact, no. 160．
• 62． See also the proceedings of the conference on 'Enseignement de rhistoire des sciences aux scientifiques', 9-11 October 1980． Nantes, Société Francaise d'Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques.
• 63． J. Dhombres, i'édition critique des tours de l'Ecole normale de l'an Ⅲ. Edizioni critiche e storia della matematica. Atti del convegno, CIRM, 1985, pp. 39-59． All courses will be published by Gauthier Villars. First volume to appear in 1991．
• 64． Suhrkamp Verlag, 1990．
• 65． For the French example see two studies: La mémoire de la science et ceux dui la servant dans les structures de l'enseignement scientifique franc, ais: Bull. Soc. Francaise Hist. Sc. Techn. vols. 14, 15 and 16 (No. spécial, 1985) and G. Bowker and B. Latour. A booming discipline short of discipline: (Social) studies, of science in France, Social Studies of Science, 17, 1987, pp. 714-748．
• 66． History of science and philosophy: the Italian experience, this issue, p. 237．